The very best projector for 2024

In the event you’re trying to take your film nights, gaming classes and even huge sports activities video games to an entire new degree, a projector is a good funding. With projectors, you’re not restricted to a single display screen dimension; you possibly can increase the show to suit virtually any wall and even arrange a giant display screen open air for these summer time film nights underneath the celebs. And for those who’re actually trying to take advantage of your area, a projector may even exchange your TV, supplying you with that cinema-like expertise proper at residence with no cumbersome display screen taking on an excessive amount of room.

Whether or not you’re setting it up in the lounge, a devoted residence theater or taking it outdoors for an outside film evening, projectors add a ton of versatility and pleasure. Plus, many projectors now come full of options like excessive resolutions and vibrant colours, so that you’re not sacrificing high quality for dimension.

Desk of contents

Engadget’s prime picks

As with earlier updates, I’m dividing projectors into ultra-short-throw and long-throw classes. As talked about, ultra-short-throw fashions have quickly established themselves out there because of the additional efficiency and comfort, and all producers promote a minimum of a few fashions. Throughout the ultra-short-throw class, We’ll evaluate two worth classes: underneath $7,000 and $3,500, with three projectors every. Within the long-throw class, we’re once more projectors underneath $1,000, $2,000 and $6,000, with three merchandise in every vary. Lastly, we’ll check out the perfect transportable projectors.

Finest UST projectors underneath $7,000

Extra ultra-short-throw projectors underneath $7,000

Epson EpiqVision Extremely LS500

In the event you want the brightest potential picture, Epson’s LCD-powered EpiqVision Ultra LS500 ($3,899) delivers. It’s rated at as much as 4,000 lumens, making it one of many brightest ultra-short-throw projectors in any worth vary. It additionally helps HDR modes in HDR10 and HLG and is offered with each 100-inch and 120-inch ALR screens, making the worth successfully decrease. The principle disadvantage is that it solely affords double the pixels of 1080p, relatively than 4 instances like competing DLP tech. It additionally affords a comparatively weak 10-watt built-in speaker system.

HiSense L9G

That is HiSense’s new $4,300 flagship UST that makes use of a tricolor laser to realize excessive brightness (3,000 ANSI lumens) and an unimaginable 107 p.c BT.2020 HDR protection, topping even Samsung’s formidable LSP9T. It has a strong 40W Dolby Atmos sound system and built-in Android TV with Google Assistant and Alexa. Better of all, that worth features a 100-inch ALR Daylight display screen, or for an additional $500, you may get it with a 120-inch ALR cinema display screen.

Finest projectors underneath $6,000

Epson

Native decision: 4K | Brightness: As much as 2,500 lumens | Connectivity: HDMI, USB, AirPlay 2, Chromecast | Show kind: LCD

Followers of Epson’s LCD projectors will probably be involved in this model, which obtained a giant replace within the type of a laser gentle supply. That bumps the brightness to 2,500 ANSI lumens, and the three 1080p LCDs use a pixel shifter to quadruple the decision to one thing near true 4K. It affords very correct colours with HDR10 and HLG functionality, however can be nice for gaming because of the 120 Hz refresh fee, 20-millisecond enter lag and HDMI 2.1 help. You additionally get a 3-way motorized lens, scene adaptive correction and extra for $4,000.

Execs

• Vivid
• Near 4K high quality
• 120Hz refresh fee

$4,000 at Crutchfield

Extra projectors underneath $6,000

Optoma UHZ65LV

Optoma’s $6,000 UHZ65LV additionally makes use of a long-lasting laser gentle supply to ship a 5,000 lumen picture, a lot brighter than any lamp-powered projector. It additionally delivers true 4K decision as much as 60p, because of the TI 0.66-inch DLP chip. The additional brightness and distinction make it superb for HDR10 or HLG content material. It additionally comes with fascinating options for a long-throw laser projector, like a 1.6x zoom and vertical lens shift.

LG CineBeam HU810PW 4K

Talking of long-throw laser projectors, LG’s $3,000 CineBeam HU810PW is one other wonderful choose at a a lot cheaper price level. There are some compromises, because the laser gentle pushes out a decrease 2,700 lumens (that’s nonetheless loads), and it has a smaller 0.47-inch DLP chip that delivers barely decrease perceived decision. Nevertheless, it has twin blue and inexperienced lasers which assist it ship correct HDR colours with a superb 97 p.c DCI-P3 protection. It additionally affords a 1.6x zoom with lens shift and an HDMI 2.1 port that enables for 4K at 60p with as much as 12-bit shade depth. It comes with LG’s webOS, so it helps Amazon Prime, Netflix, Hulu and different streaming companies with out the necessity for a dongle.

Sony VPL-VW295ES

In the event you’re searching for a real, native 4K projector, Sony’s $4,500 VPL-VW295ES is the least expensive possibility on the market. It’s by far the sharpest 4K projector on this roundup, because of Sony’s proprietary 4K SXRD native DCI 4K (4,096 x 2,160) panels. It additionally delivers extraordinarily correct colours, with 100% DCI-P3 protection and HDR10/HLG help. You additionally get niceties like a 2.06 zoom lens with powered zoom, lens shift and focus. The principle disadvantage is a comparatively dim 1,500 lumen brightness, however it’s a prime choose if image high quality is paramount above all.

Finest UST projectors underneath $3,500

LG

Native decision: 4K | Brightness: As much as 2,500 lumens | Connectivity: HDMI, USB, AirPlay 2 | Show kind: DLP

LG’s nice-looking HU715Q is the brand new king of ultra-short-throw (UST) projectors because of the image high quality, tech on provide and cheap $3,000 worth. With a 20,000-30,000 hour laser gentle supply, it delivers 2,500 ANSI lumens, together with correct colours throughout 86 p.c of the DCI-P3 gamut – sufficient for many HDR content material. And talking of that, it helps each HDR10 and HLG, together with frame-by-frame tone-mapping.

Rival fashions provide comparable specs, however the HU715Q trumps them in sound and expertise. The 20-watt 2-way stereo audio system have an important sound high quality on their very own, however you possibly can complement them with Bluetooth audio system from LG and practically every other model to create encompass sound. The standout characteristic, although, is LG’s webOS sensible TV capabilities that provide you with Netflix, Disney+, Amazon Prime, Apple TV+ and different apps, all with full 4K HDR help and encompass sound, together with eARC output for Dolby Atmos and lossless audio. It additionally helps HDMI 2.1 and higher nonetheless, full 4K (4,096 x 2,160) relatively than simply UHD.

Execs

• Nice image high quality
• Nice sound
• LG webOS sensible TV capabilities

$2,497 at Amazon

Extra ultra-short-throw projectors underneath $3,500

Optoma CinemaX P2

Optoma’s CinemaX P2 made our listing final yr, however it’s among the best projectors now as a result of the worth has dropped significantly. It delivers 3,000 lumen brightness, spectacular distinction ratio and correct colours with 80 p.c DCI-P3 protection. It’s not fairly as sharp because the pricier projectors, because it makes use of TI’s 0.47-inch relatively than 0.66-inch DLP tech, although you’ll nonetheless get a near-4K picture.

The CinemaX P2 may higher match your lounge decor, because it is available in white relatively than darkish gray just like the P1. The 40-watt NuForce Dolby Digital 2.0 soundbar is among the greatest on any ultra-short-throw projector, as properly. On the draw back, it does provide apps however they’re inferior to you’ll discover on, say, Google’s Chromecast.

BenQ V7050i

BenQ’s first UST laser projector is on the prime finish of the worth scale at $3,500, however it affords some spectacular capabilities. Gentle output is a brilliant 2,500 ANSI lumens and it delivers a full 98 p.c DCI-P3 protection for pretty much as good an HDR expertise as you may get on a projector. You additionally get a Filmmaker Mode to see colours as the administrators supposed. It’s powered by Android TV so that you get all of the streaming companies and apps you need, together with apps, video games and extra. The draw back is the shortage of first rate audio system, because it solely affords twin 5-watt audio system with clear sound however restricted bass.

Epson EpiqVision Extremely LS300W

In the event you’re okay with 1080p projection, Epson’s EpiqVision Ultra LS300W is a really fascinating possibility due to the design, wonderful sound, built-in Android TV and excessive 3,600 ANSI lumen brightness. That enables for a large shade gamut with no rainbow impact, wonderful connectivity and superb sound with out the necessity to purchase a soundbar or encompass sound system. Better of all, it’s priced at simply $2,000, making it one of many cheaper short-throw projectors on the market.

Finest projectors underneath $2,000

BenQ

Native decision: 4K | Brightness: As much as 2,000 lumens | Connectivity: HDMI, USB, Chromecast, AirPlay 2 | Show kind: DLP

BenQ’s 4K HT3550i is an replace to final yr’s HT3550, however with an enormous addition: Android TV. With that, this sensible projector affords multi-platform wi-fi projection from Android and iOS units through Chromecast or Airplay, and streaming apps like Prime Video, Hulu, and YouTube — an enormous plus in comparison with rival projectors. As earlier than, it affords reference-quality 4K shade replica in each HDR and SDR that is a match for projectors costing triple the worth. Distinction is superb because of the dynamic iris, although brightness is proscribed to 2,000 lumens. It has a 1.3x zoom and vertical lens shift possibility, plus a surprisingly good built-in speaker. The fan noise remains to be current, however lower than earlier than.

Execs

• Android TV capabilities
• Chromecast and AirPlay help
• Wonderful distinction

Cons

• Fan noise is usually a hassle

$875 at Amazon

Extra projectors underneath $2,000

Optoma UHD38

For additional brightness and pace for gaming, the reply is Optoma’s all-new, $1,600 4K-capable UHD38. It cranks the lumens as much as 4,000 and just like the Viewsonic PX701-4K, affords 240Hz gaming at 1080p with one of many lowest latency figures we’ve seen but in a projector at 4.2 milliseconds. In any other case, you are able to do 4K 60 Hz gaming with 16.7 milliseconds of lag, which may be very fast for 4K. It’s optimized extra for gaming than leisure not like BenQ’s HT3550i, however it could actually nonetheless deal with HDR10 and HLG. It helps each zoom (albeit simply 1.1x), but additionally vertical and horizontal lens shift.

Epson House Cinema 4010 4K Professional

Epson’s $2,000 Home Cinema 4010 4K Pro is the Cadillac of under-$2K residence projectors because of options like 2,400 lumen brightness, dynamic iris, and motorized zoom (2.1x), focus and lens shift. This Epson projector delivers in image high quality too, protecting 100% of the DCI-P3 shade area in cinema mode with each HDR10 and HLG. It additionally affords near-4K high quality utilizing 1,920 x 1,080 LCD picture chips with pixel shifting. The drawbacks are lack of help for 60Hz 4K because of the HDMI 1.4 ports.

In the event you want that, need to pay a bit much less and don’t care in regards to the motorized focus, Epson’s $1,700 Home Cinema 3080 4K Pro is the best way to go. It affords comparable options like HDR10 and HLG, however helps 4K 60p because of the HDMI 2.0b ports. There’s no motorization and the zoom drops to 1.6x, however it helps beneficiant tilt, shift and zoom ranges.

Finest projectors underneath $1,000

ViewSonic

Native decision: 4K | Brightness: As much as 3,200 lumens | Connectivity: HDMI, USB

There are only a few 4K projectors obtainable underneath $1,000, and Viewsonic’s $900 PX701-4K is among the most up-to-date. For the cash, it affords spectacular efficiency. You get 4K HDR with 3,200 lumens of brightness through TI’s .47-inch DLP chip. Extra importantly for avid gamers, you may get a 1080p sign at as much as 240Hz with a 5-millisecond enter lag time. The drawbacks are a restricted 1.1x optical zoom, so that you’ll want to verify it suits in your area.

Execs

• 4K HDR image high quality
• Vivid
• Comparatively inexpensive

$760 at Amazon

Extra projectors underneath $1,000

BenQ HT2050A

For round $700, the BenQ HT2050A remains to be among the best price range 1080p projectors. It delivers the place it counts with the perfect distinction (ANSI 1,574:1) and shade accuracy in its class, and in all fairness brilliant as properly, with 2,200 lumens in “vivid” mode. On prime of that, it comes with a 1.3x zoom and vertical lens shift possibility for optimum set up flexibility. The drawbacks embrace barely extreme fan noise, rainbow impact and red-tinted 3D.

Optoma HD146X

In the event you’re trying to spend rather less on a price range projector, the Optoma HD146X is your only option. Utilizing DLP tech, it delivers 1080p at as much as 3,600 lumens with wonderful brightness, shade accuracy, distinction and black ranges. You additionally get first rate (16.4-millisecond) enter lag for gaming. The drawbacks are a single HDMI port, 1.1x optical zoom and poor built-in audio.

Finest price range transportable projectors

XGIMI

Native decision: 1080p | Brightness: As much as 400 lumens | Connectivity: HDMI, USB, Bluetooth

Xgimi is a comparatively new model, however has began to achieve traction because of its lineup of transportable projectors. The very best mini projector is the MoGo Pro, which could be powered by a battery (with two hours of playtime) and is sufficiently small to slot in a backpack. However this mini projector nonetheless delivers an in depth and fairly correct 1080p full HD picture, whereas providing automated focus and vertical keystone adjustment. It even comes with Android TV, supplying you with all of the streaming choices you possibly can want – all for $600.

Execs

• Compact design
• Might be battery powered
• Android TV capabilities

Cons

• Caps at 1080p image high quality

$293 at Amazon

Extra price range transportable projectors

BenQ GS2

This $470 model is designed particularly for out of doors leisure, so it’s battery-powered and splash and shock resistant – making it your greatest guess for yard film nights or for watching sports activities occasions, tenting and extra. It’s additionally one of many brightest transportable projectors on the market and has a battery lifetime of as much as three hours. This out of doors projector solely delivers 720p decision, however it does include a streaming app within the type of Aptoide TV.

Anker Nebula Photo voltaic HD

This full HD projector has a reasonably wealthy characteristic set contemplating the $600 worth together with a battery. This transportable projector delivers 400 lumens for moderately brilliant out of doors use, has a fairly highly effective 2x3W speaker system with Dolby Digital Plus, comes with Android TV and has a built-in stand for simple adjustment.

What to search for in a projector

Extremely-short-throw

For the reason that final time we up to date our information, ultra-short-throw projectors have develop into the recent new class, providing a number of advantages. You may mount them near the wall like a TV, without having to run wires by way of the partitions and ceiling, however nonetheless get an immersive picture as massive as 120 inches — one thing that’s unattainable with a TV except you’re very rich. They use brighter lasers that by no means have to be changed — and since laser gentle is collimated, focusing is eradicated.

They’re additionally bodily much less awkward to put in than a ceiling-mounted projector, although that doesn’t imply set up is tremendous simple. To get the proper display screen match and alignment, you need to place them a precise top and distance out of your wall or display screen. This may be fairly a ache, as I’ve discovered.

You additionally want a superbly flat wall or projector display screen, as a result of ultra-short-throw projectors beam up at an acute angle, so any imperfections will present as shadows. For that purpose, you possibly can’t use a roll-down display screen as a result of they’ve slight ripples.

For the perfect outcomes, significantly with a number of ambient gentle, it is best to use an ambient light-rejecting (ALR) display screen. These have small ridges that replicate gentle from under again to your eyes, however soak up any gentle (ie ambient gentle) that comes from above. For a kind of, you’ll have to price range a minimum of $450 and way up. Some projectors, together with fashions from Epson and HiSense, include ALR screens.

Brightness and distinction

House theater projectors usually vary in brightness between 2,000 to 4,000 lumens, however you will have to take these figures with a grain of salt. Some fashions may truly hit 3,000 lumens or extra, however cranking the lamp to that degree will harm the picture high quality and lifespan of your bulb. Additionally, some producers are likely to exaggerate most brightness.

As a degree of reference, many 4K flat panel TVs these days can hit 1,000 nits of brightness, however the brightest shopper projectors solely show between 100 and 150 nits from the display screen. That’s not as huge a deal because it might sound, as a result of projector photographs are a lot bigger and meant for use in darkish rooms, the place your eyes will routinely alter to the sunshine and “brighten” the picture.

Distinction can be considerably totally different on residence theater projectors. In contrast to OLED TVs, projectors don’t enable for zero black ranges due to ambient gentle, reflections and different causes. You can also’t have native dimming zones discovered on LED TVs for true blacks. Some projectors do have a dynamic iris to enhance the distinction scene-by-scene, however these can typically produce a “pumping” impact, with the picture dimming or brightening in mid-scene.

Mounting and fan noise

An enormous benefit of normal lengthy throw projectors is you can mount the projector and display screen on the ceiling, utilizing zero area in your room. In the event you plan to try this, don’t overlook to price range for a mounting bracket and any crucial lengthy cables, together with additional energy for Google’s finicky Chromecast (although you may go for a wise projector with built-in streaming apps as a substitute). Additionally, take into account that it is simpler to mount a light-weight residence theater projector, and DLP fashions are normally lighter than these with LCD tech.

Some projectors are noisier than others, and normally the extra you spend, the much less noise you get. Lots of the new 4K DLP projectors, when working in 4K mode, are significantly noisy. There’s one different (cool) factor: when you’ve got a conveyable projector and even one that’s comparatively simple to take down and put up, you possibly can take it outdoors for magical evening screenings underneath the celebs.

HDR and backbone

As associated to projectors, these items might every take up a complete article. In truth, they’ve — for a deeper dive, check out Projector Central’s wonderful takes on HDR and resolution.

On the decision entrance, solely costly projectors have native 4K decision; certainly, most film theaters nonetheless use 2K projectors for various reasons. Nevertheless, there are various comparatively cheap DLP projectors that use pixel-shifting to achieve 4K decision. That system emits every pixel 4 instances whereas transferring it to the proper place for a 4K picture, all in lower than 1/sixtieth of a second. As such, it places as many pixels on the display screen in the identical period of time as a 4K native projector — and visually, it performs practically as properly.

Then again, Epson’s LCD “4K enhanced” projectors even have 1080p decision, however the picture is simply shifted twice, not 4 instances. So, these projectors aren’t 4K natively or in any other case, however do produce double the pixel rely of a 1080p projector. In the event you actually need a 4K native projector, you’ll must pay: two of the most affordable ones are Sony’s VPL-VW295ES ($5,000) and JVC’s DLA-NX5 ($5,000).

HDR is a really totally different animal on projectors in comparison with TVs. As talked about, projectors can’t produce wherever near the quantity of sunshine required (1,000 nits) to qualify as true HDR. Quite, they use a way known as tone-mapping to suit your entire HDR gamut right into a decrease brightness vary.

For that purpose, amongst others, virtually all projectors solely help HDR10. Just one makes use of Dolby Imaginative and prescient (the Xiaomi Laser Cinema 2, solely available officially in China), and simply a few fashions work with Samsung’s HDR10+ — and people are Samsung’s personal Premiere 4K fashions. Nevertheless, most help a wider 10-bit shade gamut that enables for superior shade replica.

Optics

In the event you’re mounting a short- or long-throw projector between 5 and 25 ft, you may want to contemplate the zoom vary and whether or not the projector has a lens shift possibility. An honest zoom vary will make it simpler to mount the projector the place you need with the display screen dimension that you really want. If the projector has an auto focus characteristic, it can alter the lens to create a sharper picture by calculating the space between your projector and the wall or display screen.

Lens shift, in the meantime, is used if the projector is mounted larger or decrease relative to the display screen than beneficial by the producer (or any horizontal distance off middle). That creates a trapezoidal formed picture, however by dialing in some lens shift, you possibly can optically sq. it up. In any other case, you may need to make use of a “keystone correction,” which digitally stretches or shrinks a part of the picture, leading to noticeable distortion or pixel artifacts. Digital correction won’t work in gaming modes both, for some projector fashions.

Gaming

In the event you’re involved in a gaming projector, you’ll need to search for the refresh fee and enter lag figures. Some new projectors from Viewsonic, Optoma and others provide as much as 240 Hz 1080p refresh charges and enter lag settings all the way down to 4 or 5 milliseconds. When paired with a appropriate projection display screen, you possibly can anticipate an immersive expertise out of your recreation console on the large display screen. Nevertheless, some projectors designed extra for residence leisure have very poor enter lag and refresh charges at simply 60 Hz.

Transportable projectors

Lastly, transportable projectors have develop into common sufficient to benefit dialogue this yr. They’re comparatively low cost, compact and transportable and may run on batteries – making them superb for leisure outdoors or whereas tenting. These out of doors projectors aren’t practically as brilliant as others, in fact, however are extra designed for a enjoyable evening of leisure underneath the celebs.

The technology: LCD and DLP projectors

Listed here are the fundamentals: Conventional projectors usually use two sorts of expertise, LCD and DLP. They’re essentially totally different methods, with their very own benefits and downsides.

The rise of ultra-short-throw projectors and brighter long-throw fashions, in the meantime, has been powered by falling costs in laser illumination expertise. Lasers are a much better resolution than lamps, as a result of they’re brighter and final far longer — as much as 30,000 hours as a substitute of 6,000. That’s basically a lifetime of use (about 10 years).

Most projector producers now use DLPs, or digital gentle processing models, manufactured practically completely by Texas Devices (TI). The guts of the tech is an optical semiconductor known as a digital micromirror system (DMD) that accommodates hundreds of thousands of aluminum mirrors. These tilt both towards the sunshine supply (on) or away from it (off) at as much as 5,000 instances per second.

Price range projectors like BenQ’s HT3550i use TI’s 0.47-inch DMD, whereas larger finish fashions, just like the Samsung Premium LSP9T use the 0.66-inch chip. Each use mirrors that tilt by +12 and -12 levels for white and black, however TI just lately unveiled a brand new 0.47-inch 4K-capable DMD with +/-17 levels of tilt, which ought to improve each brightness and distinction.

DLP projector makers embrace LG, Optoma, LG, BenQ and Panasonic. The advantages of the tech are portability (like Samsung’s The Freestyle 180-degree projector), excessive distinction, much less fringing and cheaper projectors, particularly 4K and ultra-short-throw fashions. The most important disadvantage is the rainbow impact, or brilliant crimson/blue/inexperienced artifacts that have an effect on some viewers greater than others.

LCD tech, in the meantime, makes use of a prism to separate a lightweight supply into crimson, inexperienced and blue beams. These then go by way of LCD shows containing the picture and converge through one other prism earlier than passing by way of the projector’s lens.

Epson is the first consumer of LCD tech, together with Sony, Sanyo and others. LCD projectors are usually sharper, extra environment friendly and extra shade correct, however have decrease distinction ratios and may expertise picture degradation over time. Usually, they’re additionally dearer.

Projector FAQs

Are 4K projectors higher?

Sure, as a result of larger decision is extra noticeable on bigger screens, so 4K is especially helpful with projectors since they beam photographs as much as 200 inches in dimension. That being mentioned, brightness and distinction are extra necessary.

Is a projector higher than a TV?

Projectors can present a extra immersive expertise because of the massive display screen, however they’re not essentially “higher.” Because you normally must dim the lights with a projector, TVs are superior for on a regular basis use.

Is 2000 lumens brilliant sufficient for a projector?

Sure, 2000 lumens is definitely brilliant sufficient, even with some ambient gentle within the room. Nevertheless, the picture will nonetheless be onerous to see with the home windows open on a brilliant day.

Ought to I get a 4K or 1080p projector?

That depends upon your price range and desires. In case your price range is under $1,000, search for a 1080p projector with the perfect brightness and distinction. Between $1,000-$2,000, you’ll have to weigh whether or not brightness or 4K decision is most necessary. Above that, select the brightest 4K projector you possibly can afford.

What are the perfect projectors in daylight?

The very best projectors in daylight are extremely quick throw (UST) fashions, as they’ve the brightest and sharpest picture. Nevertheless, they often price greater than $2,000.

Do you want a display screen for a greater projector expertise?

Technically, you don’t want a display screen to make use of a projector — any light-colored, easy wall can work in a pinch. However if you wish to get essentially the most out of your projector, a display screen could make a distinction. Projector screens are designed to replicate gentle evenly and improve distinction, so colours look extra vibrant and the image seems sharper. With a display screen, you’ll discover darker blacks and brighter colours, which can provide an actual increase to your film nights or gaming classes. So when you can completely get pleasure from a projector with out one, a display screen could make the expertise really feel a bit extra like your personal private theater.

Ought to I purchase a conveyable or residence projector?

It depends upon how and the place you propose to make use of it. If you’d like a projector you possibly can simply transfer round, deliver to mates’ homes or arrange indoors or open air simply, a conveyable projector is a good alternative. They’re normally smaller, light-weight and sometimes have built-in audio system and batteries, making them handy for on-the-go use.

Then again, for those who’re searching for a extra everlasting setup for a house theater or lounge, a house projector is likely to be the best way to go. House projectors are usually extra highly effective, with larger decision and brightness, which provides you that crisp, cinema-quality expertise. They’re superb when you’ve got a devoted area and don’t thoughts leaving it arrange in a single spot.